Essay --

Theories of development have been motivated by the need to explain mass poverty. Interest in development issues is of rather recent origin, dating back not much earlier than the nineteen fifties and early sixties. As represented by their more influential proponents, the development schools of thought reflect roughly the following chronological order of appearanModernisation Theory 1950s-1960sModernisation emerged in the late 1950s and early 1960s it was constructed from a newly profound position that was taken by America in terms of its international hegemony establish on the concern to eradicate social problems faced by poor countries. However in the late 1960s there was an involvement of the US in Vietnam due to modernisation programs that failed. This led to the emergence of a Marxist dependency school that aimed to challenge modernisation school. The battle between dependency and modernisation possible action emerged and it later became subside. This left the development of the third world to be less emotional and ideological. However the main focus of modernisation is attributed from the...

Hamlet: The Dog Will Have His Day :: essays research papers

"The Dog will have his Day"When fear overcomes individuals, it acts like a " acerbate" it paralyses them, which forces them to melt down. In the play, Hamlet, Shakespeare reveals how it is human nature for people to run and hide from a quandary. Hamlet being burdened with the sins of Denmark tries to find a proper escape that will non force him to take decisive action. To Shakespeare the desire for escape is an unpredictable one. Eventually fate has its way a person can give to avoid it but it will eventually devour you. All too often when the jaws of fate open, people set up complications to stumble over so they dont have to face the belly of the beast. This allows them to start fabricating excuses for their apparent lack of action. Ostensibly, Hamlet "seems" to be a man of power and heart. Yet under all the ranks and nobility, he is nothing more than a coward that can not accept the idea of his fate. When Hamlet is given the role of vigilante he "swe ars" that he is man complete for the job. However when Hamlet does not kill Claudius outright, he begins to lose his vigor. The prince suspiciously admits that he is "mad" and uses it as an excuse to keep prolonging the inevitable fate that he must face. By toppling over this hurdle, Hamlet tries to find reasons why he does not have the tenacity for revenge. Running from the jaws of fate, Hamlet continually defies his solemn imprecation to his father.Even though a person tries to avoid the beast, they dont understand that it dominates their life. It is in places where they would least expect it. In Hamlets case this problem is something that he can not just simply avoid not only does it dominate his life but it starts to take over his conscious state like a "poison". He is constantly reminded of the molestation that his incestuous uncle has just inflicted on Denmark. For a sinful King is the same as a sinful country and person must save the nations people from those transgressions. Yet Hamlet does not want to acknowledge that he is the savior. Nevertheless fate continually shows Hamlet through synchronic instances that he must do what he "swore" to do. While in the Church, Hamlet looks over while in the confession box and sees Claudius confessing his sins to God.

Analysis of Hume’s Critique of Causation Essay -- Philosophy Philosoph

Analysis of Humes Critique of CausationSometimes it is impregnable to be sure what conclusion to draw from a Humean analysis, and he is easy to misrepresent. This is partly because one argument he is engaged in may raise a number of related issues that he has dealt with elsewhere, and about of his points seem contradictory. My wish is to consider some of the possible readings of David Humes critique of causation, as it appears in divide VII of the query Concerning Human Understanding, On required Connexion, and their relation to the propositions of Section II, Of the Origin of Ideas, and Section X, On Miracles. I will offer criticisms and alternatives to Humes account(s) and conclude by picking which interpretation of Section VII best works for Hume, given certain arguments elsewhere in the Enquiry.The following is a summary of the aspects of the problem of induction as presented in the Enquiry which concern my discussion. Our assurance that certain sets of conditio ns are sufficient to produce certain effects is based on past experience that like has been conjoined with like. The precept in necessary connection entails (Hume will conclude that it amounts to) a belief that events similar to those experienced in the past will be accompanied by similar conjuncts. Such a belief may only be arrived at inductively, and induction does not discover necessity.11 This argument is against the supposed necessity of connection. unavoidableness here may refer to logical necessity, or it may not distinguish between this and physical necessity. To be physically necessary is to be sufficiently caused, but contingent upon the conditions of the event and the properties of all objects involved. Physical... ... but one about reason, that it is not this, but habit, which forms the basis of our beliefs. While it may be the case that denying an verifiable fact may not result in a contradiction, Hume seems to be suggesting that it would still be irrat ional to do so. That abstracting from events to laws is a rational, though inductive, act seems hard to deny. Thus, at best, Hume can only show that it is experience which first provides the matter for reason. SourcesHume, David. An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding. (Indianapolis Hackett, 1977) 11 David Hume, An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding, (Indianapolis Hackett, 1977), p.4622 p.5133 p.4944 I think both Descartes and Kant had absolutely good a priori demonstrations of the existence of the self, which is all one needs to reach the concept of existence.55 p.42

Racial Discrimination Essay -- English Literature

Racial DiscriminationRacial discrimination is shown through out the book, To kill amockingbird. During discrimination, many certain people got thinnedduring the times of the depression. In this book, Tom Robinson wasteased of and discriminated against because he was black. Scout Finchis the narrator of the book. Jem is her brother, and the father isgenus Atticus Finch, the dad and the city agnizeing lawyer. This book is setduring the depression, so it is kind of hard for people to live withgoing through this time period. Many people are very hurt and verybadly pound up because of the time that people usually did non likeblacks and some times they did not even like whites at times. Theauthor of To kill a mockingbird, is harper lee, whose book shows thehard times of companionship and leadership throughout to kill amockingbird, which shows how people are treated and how they act aboutbeing beat up. She also tries to show how people have so bad ideasthat would just be painful to som eone else but they still think it iscool because they know that they should not be living with a blackperson or a white person. Most of the prejudice that happen in thisbook revolves more or less the Tom Robinson rape case. This book is set inMaycomb, Alabama.Racial discrimination becomes a big factor in to kill a mockingbird. People give tongue to that he existed but jem and I had never seen him. Thereare four kinds of folks in this world, Blacks, Ewells, Cunninghams,and the finches and the neighbors. Miss Caroline says to scout that, your father does not know how to teach. That is discrimination byjust guessing that scouts dad doesnt know how to be a teacher. TomRobinson knew that he was innocent and so did Atticus but ... ... a very hardjob because most of the people in maycomb county and the countys allbelieve that blacks are bad and they should be punished for theirrace. This is authoritative because people in the city believe that blacks arebad for the community and they should have to be put in jail if theyare accused and they qualification not be guilty, but they are still thrown injail because of the outside appearance color of their skin. Tellingpeople in maycomb sometimes shows racial jokes while blacks areselfish people, and they should just be put in jail for being selfish.I would hate to always be picked on because what color of my skin Iwas, or if people to make racial comments that maybe I am small, orlike they dont like my racial background. I still believe that peopleall over the world should just come together and share what they knowabout racial discrimination.

An Analysis of Gullivers Travels :: Gullivers Travels Essays

An Analysis of Gullivers Travels When I first started reading the book I thought its only purpose was to talk about the governmental system in England. But after some pages I found that there could be a deeper message concealed, between the lines somewhere. The book is divided into 4 minor novels. The first is about the Lilliputians the second about Gulliver visits the giants, the third about the flying island and last about Gullivers travels to the land of Houyhnhmland. In the first book Gulliver gets shipwrecked and ends up on the island Lilliput were some inhabitans of the island finds him and ties him to the ground. The king hears of the news and sends the army to stop the giant from escaping. Gulliver is then taken to the kings castle were he is searched fore weapons or other insecure items. The Lilliputians are divided into two tribes. One is holding Gulliver and the other lives on the second island which is separated from the first by a canal (resembles of England an d France) . Gulliver is at the littlenders and the competitor is the bigenders which live on the island of Blefuscu. Gulliver helps the Littlenders to defeat the bigenders. In this book Swift emphasises the stupidity in the war between England and France and besides every war which starts over a stupid reason, he also points out the meaningless in courtlife were they do nothing but waste the states money. At he lilliputians he builds a mountain which he uses to sail back to England. But instead he finds himself shipwrecked and washed upon the shores of Brumbidang or the giants land. there he was found by a farmer whom pass on him over into his daughters care. The farmer uses Gulliver for finical reasons and shows him up as a side-showfreak at all the inns in the land. In the giants land there are no classdeffirences this is something that plausibly Swift wanted to introduce to the British system. In this book Swift also attacks the British political and justice system with no mercy, He also emphasises the meaningless of having an standing army in peace. In the third book Gulliver gets picked up by men of the flying island of Laputa. There everyone is striving to improve their purlieu in any way possible

An Analysis of Gullivers Travels :: Gullivers Travels Essays

An Analysis of Gullivers Travels When I archetypical started reading the hold in I thought its only purpose was to discourse about the political system in England. But after some pages I found that there could be a deeper message concealed, between the lines somewhere. The book is divided into four minor novels. The first is about the Lilliputians the second about Gulliver visits the giants, the third about the flying island and last about Gullivers travels to the land of Houyhnhmland. In the first book Gulliver gets shipwrecked and ends up on the island Lilliput were some inhabitans of the island finds him and ties him to the ground. The king hears of the news and sends the army to stop the giant from escaping. Gulliver is then taken to the kings castle were he is searched fore weapons or other dangerous items. The Lilliputians atomic number 18 divided into two tribes. One is holding Gulliver and the other lives on the second island which is separated from the first by a line (resembles of England and France) . Gulliver is at the littlenders and the enemy is the bigenders which live on the island of Blefuscu. Gulliver helps the Littlenders to defeat the bigenders. In this book Swift emphasises the stupidity in the state of war between England and France and also every war which starts over a stupid reason, he also points out the meaningless in courtlife were they do nothing but waste the states money. At he lilliputians he builds a raft which he uses to sail back to England. But instead he finds himself shipwrecked and washed upon the shores of Brumbidang or the giants land. there he was found by a farmer whom handed him over into his daughters care. The farmer uses Gulliver for finical reasons and shows him up as a side-showfreak at all the inns in the land. In the giants land there are no classdeffirences this is something that probably Swift wanted to introduce to the British system. In this book Swift also attacks the British political and justice system with no mercy, He also emphasises the meaningless of having an standing army in peace. In the third book Gulliver gets picked up by men of the flying island of Laputa. There everyone is strive to improve their environment in any way possible

Communication system Essay

Use and phrase systems that recruit conversation 1. Be able to cover the range of parley requirement in own role 1. 1 Review the range of collections and individuals whose communication ineluctably must be addressed in own caper role. Working inwardly Sure amaze I subject field with m both a(prenominal) radicals and individuals whose communication needs must be addressed which include 16 stave outgrowths, go practisers to date we view as 1700 families registered with Surestart. We would moderate a lot of communication with Health ragors regarding referrals that they prolong sent in and as well as follow up telephone calls if there is both concerns with the family.I would similarly throw away contact with societal serve and be asked to attend case review mergings. I would also be evaluate to communicate with a nonher(prenominal) agencies to refer our service users on the extend into account agencies for example other children centres, counsellors, womens Aid and Hidden Harm Social thespian, 1. 2 exempt how to support sound communication inwardly own job role Effective communication and interaction play a very important role in the work of everybody that works within Surestart.I opinion that how I support in force(p) communication is by setting a good example to ply. With communication been so important for the day to day path of the centre, each staff appendage would be asked to write in the diary in the main office so mess discount cut where they argon (this is for the save guarding of staff if they ar out of the office, lone worker policy) There is also a white come along in the main office so when staff are in programmes other staff are aware of this and that the parents/baby room are booked.I would also support communication by attending staff meeting ever second week and staff are told that they must attend once a month. There is also an pass on door policy as sometimes there is breeding that staff do not want to package in a group meeting as there maybe difficulties within the team and they would like to share teaching on a one to one basic. 1. 3 Analyse the barriers and challenges to communication within own job role The barriers and challenges that I would face is staff working part time, staff out doing programme and also may be difficult geting between staff members.The other barriers and challenges that I would face is staff do not take on board what you are reflexion to them as they feel they are right so they do not even keyen to what you are trying to explain. Some people may survival of the fittest you up wrong on the information you are trying to get across. 1. 4 Implement a strategy to overcome communication barriers Make received I speak very clear, focus on what information I would like them to take on board. Supervision on a monthly basis, break door policy if eitherone has a problem they can talk about it. faculty can ring and send emails at every time. The chil dcare supervisory program meets with the childcare team every morning to make sure enough that all creches have enough staff and if they have whatsoever(prenominal) concerns regarding the children. There is also a referral meeting once a week where we discuss the referral that health visitor/social workers have send in and also to discuss and concerns we would have regarding the parents. I also send rely slips to social worker / health visitor to let them retire if a home visit has been completed or if we have been unable to contact the family.Use different means of communication to meet different needs I am aware that each staff member has different learning styles, some staff like sharing information in a group and other staff like to share information in a one to one. It is also very important for me to take this on board as I do not want any member of the team feeling frustrated and ineffective. I want staff to be able to trust me and let them see that I value the work that they do. The different means of communication I use to meet different needs are.Emails are a very effective means of communication as each staff members gets the information at the same time and not second hand. Emails can be sent at any time and also printed out to file or record information that has been sent or received. Team meeting again are a very good as all staff are getting the same information and this is a expert way for other staff to meet and let everyone else know how things are going and if anyone is finding a family or child difficult because there is the support of the whole team for ideas of how to handle a situation. If anyone cannot make it then the team minutes are there to read.Telephone if I am not in the office I can still be reached on my mobile if anyone needs anything. Health visitor/Social worker would also contact me by telephone if they needed an update on a family. Staff diary in the main office this lets staff members know who is in which room and i f anyone is on leave or sick or if person has an appointment. contract in and out sheet beside the exit door this is for safety reasons as if there was a fire in the building then I would know who is in and out Reply slips are back to the health visitors/social worker as an update for the referral they have send in.Letters to parents this is to invite them on to programmes/events. Thought-out the year I would facilitate information mornings for breastfeeding support, weaning work shop and feeding for under 5s this would be to share information to pleasurable new service users to the Surestart. Face to face, my office is open to all staff at any time if they need to talk about anything. CU2941 Use and develop systems that promote communication 2. Be able to improve communication systems and practise support positive outcomes for individuals 2.Monitor the effectiveness of communication systems and practices. The diary in the nominal head office if very effective for staff on home visit as we know where there are for their safety (lone worker policy). white board in the main office is very effective as this is where all staff write down their programmes so if there is any phone calls for staff the secretary knows if they are in the office or in programmes. Emails can be sent at any time and it means that the same information is been told to the staff at the same time and it is also the staffs responsible to pick up their emails.The childcare supervisor meets with the childcare staff each morning I feel that this is very effective as this is in place to make sure that all rooms are covered with their ratio, and most importantly that the needs of the children are met and if there is any problem in any of the setting it can be addressed as needed and that staff do not have to wait 2 weeks for a team meeting to discuss. One to one communication i. e. Supervision and APR, I feel that this is very important within a setting. N-Drive this is where documents can be saved and all staff can access it.In our office we have a policy of hot desking so documents can accessed at any computer. This is also for Surestart forms and newsletter so all staff can print them out as needed. Reply slips to health visitors/social worker/other agencies this is where I reply to any referral letter that the project receives, I would reply to the other agencies if this family had received a home visit and services offered, if I was unable to contact the family for different reasons or if the family did not want to improvement of Surestart services.Phone if I cannot be reached at any time then a message can be left for me to return there call. 2. 2 Evaluate the effectiveness of existing communication systems and practice Evaluating the effectiveness of existing communication systems and practice I am going to start with the ones I feels are the most effective. One to One Communication I feel that this works very well within a team as some staff members do not l ike to speak in front of other and feel that their ideas might not be good enough.I also feel that face to face communication is very effective as some people can pick up a message wrong and take the wrong tone with an email. Supervision this is there for staff to talk confidently with their public treasury I feel that this is very effective means of communication for the manger to prove how well things are going for that member of staff and for the staff member to say how they genuinely feel about how things are going. ( I also feel that you have to have a good relationship with your staff for this to work, you have to be relaxed and friendly and staff members also have to trust you).Supervision is also very effective as this give staff clear boundaries of what is expected of them for the month a head and also make sure they are on target to achieve the targets in their APR. Team meetings I also opine this is effective as this can let everybody know how programmes are going i f there is any follows to do with families in any of the programmes. If anyone is having any difficulties if any of the programmes is nice to get other ideas how to deal with it. It is also there for sharing information for the Surestart board and action for children.To let staff know what training is coming up. ARP- I have been working in a Surestart setting for the last 11 years, I feel that this is the first year I have felt that an APR has been effective like the rest of communication systems if it is not done right then it will not be effective. APR is there to set goal and targets for the year ahead, I feel this is very important for staff as they know what is expected of them for the year ahead and then this is monitored at each charge to make sure that staff in on track with their targets.Childcare meeting every morning I feel that this is very effective as each member of the childcare team no where they are each day and who is covering in each setting and also if any memb er of the childcare team is concerned about a child this is discussed each morning. Emails- I feel has pro and con. It is very effective in a way that emails can be sent at any time and is very good for all staff to receive the information at the same time.I also feels that staff can pick the tone of emails up wrong and some information is best said face to face. Reply letter to health visitors/social workers/other agencies I feel that this is a very effective The diary in the front office This is effective if everyone plays there part in receiveing it in. If someone is on training or off on A/L and forgets to fill it in then it is very hard for other staff to know where they are. N-Drive This is effective as all the Surestart form and standard letters are on it as well as newsletters.It is also that as this is used epoch hot desking it means that the documents that are placed on this drive can be accessed by the whole team so if I was saving any confidential information I woul d also password protect it. Phone I do feel that this is effective as if I am not available by phone or mobile then a message can also be left. 2. 3 Propose improvements to communication systems and practices to address any short comings I feel that communication can always be improved as we are only human and staff do forget to pass on messages, response to emails, and even fill in the diary in the main office.I have proposed that each desk has message inkpad so that all messages have to written down. I have proposed that the main diary is to be brought to the team meeting so that if anyone has any leave booked, any visits arranged or training then this can go into the diary. I would also remind everybody at team meeting about remembering to fill in the diary I have also propose that the reply slips to the health visitors/social workers be changed as I feel it could be improved. 2. 4 Lead the implementation of revised communication system and practices CU 2941Use and develop syst ems that promote communication 3. Be able to improve communication systems to promote partnership working 3. 1 Use communication systems to promote partnership working The systems that we use to promote partnership working is One to one communication theory I meet with the health visitor for breastfeeding once a week. Also any of the health visitors are welcome to call in at any time. Some health visitors like to bring parents that are hard to engage into the centre to meet me to show them around the building and meet the staff.I would also have contact face to face with our families on a daily basis through programmes and also registrations. Phone call health visitors/social services and other agencies would phone for update and regarding case review meetings. Families would also phone on a daily basis if they needed help with anything or information. agency we post letters to the agencies if we are unable to reach the families or if they no longer wish to be involved with the service. I would also post letters and newsletter to families.Emails some agencies like to send email as it is a faster way for them and this is ok with me as long as it is recorded. Referral reply this is a letter drawing and signed by Surestart parents that we have permission to send it back to the health visitors to say we have been in contact and the Surestart services have been offered. Information events this is different events for Surestart to promote their services 3. 2 Compare the effectiveness of different communications systems for partnership working I feel within waterside Surestart the systems we use are very effective.One to one communication I feel is very effective as this can reassure service users and colleagues and also outside(a) agencies, you can focus on the goal. I can be supportive and positive to all that need it. I can also assess the services users needs and provide them with the support needed and I also feel that this builds trust and relationship s. Phone call I feel that this is a very effective way of communicating as some health visitor/social worker/other agencies need an update ASAP as they may be on their way to a review meeting.All if a member of staff is not on the office this is a good way of communicating. As my role as family support worker I be in contact with families every day on the phone, may it be they have a question or I am inviting the families to programmes or arranging home visits. Emails This is a very effective way that I communicate in Surestart, supervision notes to be sent 3 says before supervision, team meeting are to be sent and read before the meeting. Agencies are able to send emails / newsletters Referral reception I feel that this is a very effective way that Surestart communicate.This is send to health visitors/social workers who send in a referral this is to show the agencies that we have do contact with that family or that we have tried to contact the family and after 4 weeks we are u nable to reach them. Information events I feel that this is not really effective as we work on catchment areas and this is very hard to have an event in a general area, it has to be within the area, as we do not like to turn people away that may be interested in the service, as when agencies send in referrals they have a list of streets that is inside the catchment area and only if there is a need then they can be outside the area.Propose to improvements to communications systems for partnership working I do take that communication within waterside Surestart has got a lot better in the last year, I feel that this has a enceinte deal to do with our new manager, she has gained the trust and respect of the staff and in return it is a pleasure to work with. I feel that I have a great leader to follow and learn a great deal from. The only improvement that could be made is that a leaflet could be drawn up for families that are outside the catchment area so that they leave with somethin g rather than going away with no information (this is in the process on being done).I am also assisting the upgrade of the referral response form so that families sign this form so that we have permission to hold their information and that we are abandon to send the form back to the referrer. CU2941 Use and develop systems that promote communications 4. Be able to use systems for effective information management 4. 1 Explain legal and ethical tensions between maintaining confidentiality and sharing information Working with in a Surestart setting for the last 11 years, I know that confidentiality is very important. Its important for agencies and services users to build a trusting relationship with me.I am very honest with the people I work with, when I am completing a registration form with parents I do tell them that their details will stay in a locked filing cabinet for 7 years, that there information is stored on a infobase password protected until there child/ren turn 4. I also let the parents know that under the data protection act they are able to see their file at any time. Parents also sign a form that we are able to share information with the health visitor and other agencies involved if we have any concerns regarding the child or parents.When I have taking programmes with parents I also start with group rules. Confidentiality always comes up, I always tell parents that whatever is discussed at the group I do not take it outside of the group, I can only speak for myself but that I would hope that everyone would stand by this too. I also always make it very clear to parents that if anything is discussed or tell any information regarding harm or danger or abuse to a child/ren then I will past this information on to my manger and the appropriate authorises.I feel that if I am honest with all the people that I work with then I do believe that you build up a trust and that by law I have to report and record all that is disclosed to me, although I did hav e a parent in the past that did not understand this, they felt that I was just reporting them to social services and she believed that social services where there to take her child away. This lady did not return to Surestart as what she disclosed I had to discuss with my manger.Analyse the essential features of information sharing agreements within and between organisations down the stairs the data protection act 1998, the purpose of the act is to protect the rights and privacy of individuals and to ensure that data about them are not processed without their knowledge and are processed with their consent whenever possible, this act covers personal data held in electronic formats, manual data and relevant filing systems.Surestart has devised a form that has recently been updated by my colleagues and myself, this form is where we get service users to sign that they agree Surestart is able to keep their details in a secure place for up to seven years, and that if we had any concerns r egarding the child that we would contact the appropriate service also that if there is a social worker involved that we are able to update them on any programmes they attend for case review meetings.Health visitors would send in referral form with parents consent, what happens is we then phone that family and do a home visit and in that visit we fill out the Surestart forms with the families details on it, the consent for is then signed and sent back to the health visitor to say we have completed a visit this is what programmes they would like to attend, I would also send back a form to the heath visitor if that family did not wish to avail of Surestart services or that I could not reach them.These forms are kept with the registration and filed in a locked cabinet. When I am facilitating a programme within Surestart I always do group rules, parents can put what they like on it, confidentially always comes up, I just remind parents that what happens in the group will stay in the grou p with me, but I can only speak for myself and not the rest of the group and I do tell them that It would not be nice to hear anyone talking bad about another parent.I do inform the parents that if there anything disclosed within the group that has caused abuse of harm to a child them I am bound by action for children policies and procedures and under the children order act 1995 to past this information on to my manger and the appropriate services, I do tell the parents that I would discuss this with them before I reported what I have heard.Demonstrate use of information management systems that meet legal and ethical requirement Under the data protection act 1998 Surestart need permission to hold data on the families that I work with, how this is doneis that all parents have to sign the registration form and also the consent for their details to be stored according to action for children policies and procedures, which is that their details are stored for up to seven years, in a lock ed filing cabinet and up to four years on the Surestart database. Under the childrens order 1995 I am bound to report anything that I have heard or seen that my or has caused harm to a child. This would also be discussed with the parent/s what information I would be passing on to my manger. This also gives the parent an opportunity to explain. The information my lead to a referral been made to social services.

Evangelism and my Christian walk Essay

Evangelism is a passion of mine and this semester has helped me to develop more as a person and strengthen my passion for evangelism. Usually when you observe the raillery Evangelism most of the time, you exit start to fear because of rejection. During my Christian walk, sometimes I nominate experienced the fear of rejection as it stirs to Evangelism. However, this semester has taught me non to fear. Evangelism is standing up for your faith change surface if e preciseone else remains seated 1(Earley and Wheeler p.32). This semester I have learned and developed new perceptions and challenges about evangelism, which has challenged my way of thinking. At first glance, when you identify or see the word evangelism you immediately think about sharing the church doctrine and that is true.That is only one part of Evangelism because hearing is actually important as well. This has caused me to think differently about Evangelism because now I understand how important it is to liste n to people slice witnessing. Evangelism can be challenging but the way I look at it now is that I have a part in fulfilling the great com devolveion at all cost. Evangelism is about blood building that involves changing a person ability to trust and receive the gospel. This course has reminded me that Evangelism does not come without great sacrifice. It requires you putting forth effort and persist to sh are gospel with individual that does not believe.Anytime you deal with people and sharing the gospel you have to be patient. It has challenged me to become an effective witness for Christ because as I grow spiritually it is a reflection of Christ. This semester has reminded me that there has to be a balance between the incarnational and information Apologetics. Many people say that Christians are hypocrites because their spiritednessstyle does not line up with what they are professing. My lifestyle should reflect what I am professing in my Christian walk. The scripture tells u s in James 123-24 and it says 23 For if any be a hearer of the word, and not a doer, he is like unto a man beholding his raw(a) face in a glass24 For he beholdeth himself, and goeth his way, and straightway forgetteth what manner of man he was. 2Therefore, many some other(prenominal) times people volition not pick up a bible and read it but they will look at my lifestyle of a Christian. As you go through a course like this, it will cause you to look within to see if you are doing your part to help further the Kingdom of God. This semester has challenged me in so many ways to examine God more than ever and pay closer attention to the needs of others. God has called each one of us to spread the gospel whether it is in the workplace, community or other countries.Sometimes we forget the importance of evangelism and just leave it to the Pastor or other ministers. However, as part of the torso of Christ, I have to be willing to hold myself accountable and be willing to meet the need s of others. Learning to love people where they are is very important and this course has showed me that I have to go where the needs are. Evangelism is investing your time to minister to others and there is a great reward seeing psyche gives their life to the Nazarene. At times, I have taken the need to listen to others for granted but listening is important to the lost. Never underestimate the role of listening in building an evangelistic kinship,3 (Earley and Wheeler, p. 123).The scripture teaches us in James 119 Wherefore, my beloved brethren, let every man be swift to hear, slow to speak, slow to wrath. 4Through this course, I have found that barriers can hinder you from being effective in servant evangelism.As it relates to my Christian walk, I have found that I have to confront those barriers that hinder me in my serving. Sometimes we can think we are super Christians and do not have any problems or need help. Nevertheless, it is a good idea to be transparent to those that do not believe and let them know you can relate to them and love them where they are. This semester has beena revelation for me in my spiritual walk and building relationships with others. I have taken what I have learned in this home to bless others and encourage them that they can make it because God loves them. During the times of witnessing and servant hood, I have found so, many people that just want someone to listen and love them. My perception of people has changed because now I feel that I am more compassionate now, sensitive to the needs of others, humble, loving, and willing to be servant.My Vision for EvangelismMy vision for evangelism is denying self to serve and be reflection of the Nazarene as I minister and love others. I would like those attributes to be a part of my daily life and walk in the fruit of the Spirit so, that other people will feel the love of God. I have gained so much knowledge from this course that I can take what I have learned and apply it in my own life to become a better person and to help others. In my Christian walk, my vision is to look for ways to be a blessing to others and to make an stupor in my family and community. Also, ministering the word of faith thereby, changing mindsets and lives. Therefore, to help equip the believer so that it will cause them to live according to the word of God. However, there are a some changes I feel that I need to make in my life to be more effective as a witness for Christ. Some of the changes accommodate reading the word of God more, seeking Gods way, being obedient, and trusting God.I can make an impact in my family by alert the word of God before them and loving people where they are. Sometimes reaching your family can be hard but I believe that if I will be sensitive to the leading of the Holy Spirit and trust God, I can make a difference in their life. Evangelism is a way of life for me and it is priceless. I count it an honor to take part in what God is doing in some else life because at some point I was where they were. I remember that someone took time out to witness to me and let me know that there is hope in Jesus. Therefore, I am thankful to God for allowing me another opportunity to change and get on the right course.Role as a servantServant hood is about demonstrating the character and qualities of God. Taking on the heart of servant requires unselfishness, not looking for promotion or pay, honors God, and reflects Jesus. My role as a servantrequires humilty, sacrifice and it breathes the very heart of God. We can see the humblest servant of all Jesus despised, mocked, and rejected. Serving can be hard but it means I am putting Gods plans and end above my own. Being a servant can affect my ministry in so, many ways by having these characteristics making myself available to God to serve, do what is needed, even when it is inconvenient, see interruptions as an opportunity to practice serving others, pay close attention to the needs of others, and no task is beneath me. The scripture says in Matthew 2311-12, 11 but he that is greatest among you shall be your servant.12 and whosoever shall exalt himself shall be abased and he that shall humble himself shall be exalted.5My attitude as a servant will determine how I see things and the effectiveness of my servant hood.You should be able to identify a servant with Jesus because of the lifestyle he or she lives. another(prenominal) important Characteristic of a servant is that I need to be open and teachable and sharing the gospel with joy. True ministry to others, ministry that was modeled by Jesus Christ, requires you to minister as a servant6 (Leach and Wheeler, p.5) A servant must have a willingness and desire to serve so, do not miss an opportunity to serve and provide some immediate relief for someone else. Many hurting people need what God has placed inside of you so you can be a blessing to others.Vision for future day ministryGod has placed some abilities in me that I can contribute to ministry, community and the marketplace. My future vision is to teach and empower believers in the state, surrounding areas and the nation in making disciples for Christ. I must lead by example in tell to make disciples and it should be the responsibility of everyone to make disciples. I envision more unity in the body of Christ so we can make an impact as we allow the Holy Spirit to change peoples heart and mind. The Scripture teaches us to tell others about Jesus Christ. In addition, while sharing the gospel is wonderful, it is simply not enough. We should continue to encourage and invest in new believers because many do not know where to begin to seek God. Evangelism will always be a part of my ministry and should be for other ministries as well. The way I look at evangelism is that if we stop evangelizing then the perform stops growing both spiritually and naturally.God has commanded each of us to be a witness for him and we should not hesitate at this oppo rtunityto do his will. Some of my plans for evangelism include going out in the community and building relationships with people and lead them to Jesus. I would like to start a small assort that will meet on a regular basis and have a nice fellowship but encourage each other. Sharing the gospel requires us loving as Christ has commanded us to do. I believe I have to stay focus on what God has given me to do. most people are busy but not effective due to a lack of focus. Therefore, I cannot let someone else negative opinions of me become my reality. That is very important in evangelism because you may not always be received everyone all the time but I must stay focused.In the account book Family to Family, it put emphasis on the family and individuals developing their relationship with Christ through some basic principles such as spending time alone with God, plea life, studying the word of God, accountability, and discipleship (Pipes and Lee, p.13)7 In conclusion, evangelism is a joyful experience, telling the good news meeting people and helping them exchange their religion for a relationship with Jesus. It is my desire to spread the gospel with a passion to reach the lost with confidence and love. I believe as I continue to follow Jesus and be humble I can make a lasting impression on someone. I truly, have been blessed by taking this class and interacting with my classmates.BibliographyEarley, Dave, and David Wheeler. Evagelism ISHow to Share Jesus with Passion and Confidence. Nashville, Tennessee B&H Academic Publishing Group, 2010. Fay, William, and Linda Evans Shepherd. Share Jesus Without Fear. Nashville, Tennessee B&H PublishingGroup, 1984. KJV Holy Biblbe. Grand Rapids, Michigan Zondervan, 1987.Leach, Richard, and David A. Wheeler. diplomatic minister To Others. Nashville, Tennessee LifeWay Press, 2009. McRaney Jr., Will. The Art of Personal Evangelism Sharing Jesus In A Chaging Culture. Nashville, Tennessee B&H Publishing Group, 2003. Pipes, Jer ry Dr., and Victor Lee. Family to Family Leaving A Lasting Legacy. Lawrenceville,Georgia Jerry Pipes Productions, 1999.

Unique Challenges of International Staffing

HR managers are responsible for staffing operations globally. There are collar important ways of staffing internationally. First, the company can send people from its home country. These employees are often referred to as expatriates, or home-country nationals. Second, it can hire host-country nationals, natives of the host country, to do the managing. Third, it can hire third-country nationals, natives of a country other than the home country or the host country. Expatriates cost companies, on average, $1 million over a three year period. This can be three to five times what a domestic assignment cost.This is very costly for the company and a hurt for a company. There has been a trend with companies in the recent years to send expatriates for only two twelve months. There are three main advantages to this 1. Hiring local citizens is generally less costly than relocating expatriates. 2. Since local governments usually demand good jobs for their citizens, foreign employers may be required to hire locally. 3. Most customers want to do business with companies (and people) they perceive to be local versus foreign. HR departments must also be aware of cultural, political, and legal environments when recruiting internationally.Also, HR managers learn to make sure that work permits and visas are applied for early in the relocation process. There are so many aspects of hiring abroad that it is nearly unsurmountable to be perfect at making all the arrangements, especially the language barrier to overcome. Also, finding ones with core skills for the assignments is very hard. Training ones to have these skills can event a longer time than it should at times. Hiring local citizens with certain qualifications could be very difficult especially if it is in a poor country that is not used to working with certain qualifications.

Only a belief in embodied existence after death is philosophically justifiable. Discuss Essay

1- Christian belief in resurrection- outline Jesus resurrection after death- Link to hicks idea of the replica. 3- The only important way to talk about survival after death is to say that intelligences potful be reunited- Peter Geach 5- Characteristics and memories can be changed and falsified- Bernard William Descartes verbalize My essence consists entirely in the fact that I am a thinking thing.This, if true, implies that our consciousness is separate from our bodies and so we must be able to exist without said bodies. This of course would then falsify the maintainment as disembodied animation after death would be possible. Indeed, there ar many who dispute this pedigree and one who would agree with the pre labor unionptuousness statement is Bernard William who claims that characteristics and memories can be falsified. He would argue that because our memories can be lost and altered with certain drugs, accidents and illnesses such as Alzheimers the main part of what make s us- us is the link between our minds and our physical form (our bodies).It would then follow that the only plausible after-death-existence would be embodied. It is the first catamenia made by Descartes and many others which this essay will lean towards as it will be argued that disembodied existence is as philosophically plausible, if not more than so than embodied. Many would claim that Christianity can be used to argue both sides of this issue. An example of where it may be used to support embodied life after death is in the resurrection stories. In Thessalonians 4, we find a much talked about quote among philosophers ..Since we turn over that Jesus died and rose again..through Jesus, God will recreate with him those who ware died.This verse gives us a clear idea that the early Christians believed in full, embodied resurrection. Although it is unclear as to whether or not some would redeem also agreed with a disembodied afterlife before judgment day and resurrection, many devout Christians only accept the embodied resurrection at the residuum of days. The verse tells us that at first Jesus followers didnt recognise him, as he had changed somehow but the main message is of in full embodied resurrection. However, due to the complexity of the bible, it is difficult to completely record whether or not there is a state between death and resurrection and many may feel the competition is far from philosophically justifiable.There has of course also been a long impost of belief in disembodied afterlife. The Greek philosophy Plato believed we have separate souls which leave our bodies at death in order to join another. In the Phaedo, he recorded a solvent from Socrates to a brain put in advance by Crito In what fashion are we to bury you? Platos answer clearly shows his belief in the afterlife. It is important to understand that Plato believed in the soul because he believed innate knowledge must just be memories from previous existences.Furthermore , Plato was part of the chain of thought that says that everything has an opposite but they are everlastingly in a cycle, hot be dresss cold for cold to then become hot and living things die just for new life to emerge. Believing in the cycle of opposites makes it clear why Plato would have believed in some kind of disembodied soul. Returning to the question put to Plato mentioned at the start of this argument, we see his response makes his belief in the afterlife clear. He imagines that I am the dead body he will see in a little era but when I drink the poison I shall no longer remain with you, but shall go off and depart for some happy state of the blessedOn the other hand, however, The philosopher Peter Geach was a strong believer that any talk of life after death where the soul and body are separate is totally meaningless. Geach described the idea of a separate soul and body as a savage superstition and he believed that the genius of Plato and Descartes had given the superstit ion an undeservedly long lease of life. Geach, along with many other modern philosophers argue that the idea of a separate body and soul has come from misunderstanding of scriptural language. In his book, What do we think with, Geach wrote thinking is a vital activity of a man, not any part of him, material or immaterial.This shows quite clearly Geach believed that a human is a single entity which needs to think, rather than a body and a separate mind which just happens to have consciousness. Geach believed that the only reasonable theory of the soul was the Aristotelian idea that the soul is the form of a living body. Many would say that Geachs argument is passably week as there is little evidence to back it up and he seems to be piggy-backing off other philosophers, namely Aristotle. Reincarnation, or rebirth (afterlife in a physical form),are a key feature at the heart of Hindu beliefs. Hinduism teaches that every person has an essential self known as an atman. They believe the Atman to be eternal and something which seeks to be united with God.Hindus believe that God manifests himself in the atman if each individual, and through a number of births, deaths and rebirths, the person comes to understand a relationship of the atman with God. Once this realisation of unity is reached, the atman no longer needs to continue in the cycle and so is released (moksha). For the Hindu, physical bodies are nought more than a container for the atman, the atman which holds the persons nature. This means that after going round the cycle a few times, the atman (or soul) is released from the container and moves on to disembodied life after death. Hinduism is the oldest spiritual tradition in the world and there is evidence that it flourished long before recorded history in India which means that the idea of a separate body and soul could have been the original belief.Descartes is one of the most famous philosophers and dualists and his belief on life after death was that wh at makes us, us is our ability to think our consciousness. His conceivability argument leads us to wonder whether or not we need our bodies at all. The argument was laid out with 3 steps, it begins with the premise that a thinking thing can imagine existing without a body. The argument goes onto say that anything which can be meand is possible and from this that if X can exist without Y then X and Y arent identical. The result of the argument is that a thinking thing is not identical with its body and so, they must be separate.Descartes most famous quote to sum his arguments up is that I think, therefore, I am For Descartes, being able to think about not having a body, but not being able to conceive of not thinking at all means our minds must be separate from our bodies and therefore, if we are to believe in an afterlife then there is no logical reason why our minds would die with our bodies. Many believe this Is a fantastic argument for disembodied life after death as it gets the showdown thinking about not thinking and so leaves them at a blank. I feel that the strongest argument covered in this essay is that put forward at the start and the end.For many, the fact that we cannot think of our minds not existing is a far stronger argument than that of say, Peter Geach as looking back over quondam(prenominal) scriptures is just like copying off of someone in a test who has made their answers up, we would just be looking at something which may or may not be true. While I was slightly swayed by the first argument in favour of the given statement, due to its use of previous(prenominal) events and a tradition of belief, however in then end, I have maintained my view that it is just as philosophically feasible to think of a disembodied life after death then an embodied one., possibly more so.

Brian Moore – the Donegal connection

Belfast-born Brian Moore left Ireland a young man, and spent more than fifty years In Canada and the US. However, as Martin McKinley found come to the fore (belatedly he had grueling links with Dongle. The great Brian Moore and the Dongle connection So I mention to Muriel that Im doing an term closely Brian Moore, the writer, and she says, His mother was from Dongle, wasnt she? It seems that the world has been aware for some while that the man regarded as one of the great Irish novelists had Dongle connections and, even better, Courthouse connections.If only Id known that when I saw him read in a lecture house in Queens university in Belfast, more than ten years ago. I could bugger off asked him something original, kindred about the influence of Courthouse on his work. Instead, I asked him if hed thought about approach shot back to live in Belfast. I mean, the man lived in Malibu at the time. He died there In January, 1 999, which was a shame for people like myself who wai ted for his new novel e very(prenominal) two years or so. It was hard to believe there would never be another Brian Moore book. But he had a long publishing career.His first novel, The Lonely Passion of Judith Hearse, from 1955, Is probably still the one hes best known for. Four others were also made into films The Luck of pep Coffey, Catholics, Cold Heaven and Black Robe. He won many literary prizes, and was shortlist three times for the Booker Prize. He also worked with Alfred Hitchcock, writing the screenplay for Torn Curtain, star Paul Newman and Julie Andrews. Its not genuinely regarded as a classic, but Brian desire to take the credit for a particularly drawn-out and famous murder scene.He told Hitchcock he had learned from his father, a actor, that people didnt al personal manners die as quickly as they did in movies. Hitchcock took him at his word. Dentally Lodge The story of Brian Moors Dongle connection begins back in another age, 1889, when his mother Eileen McFadd en was born outside Courthouse, apparently in the download of Clashes. Her parents were Pat and Grace (nee McGee). She was among the youngest of a large family, and grew up in the family home in Dentally, a little way along the Courthouse to Carrier road.The McFadden were quite a notable family. Linens grandfather Edward had a corn mill at Dentally. His brother was FRR Hugh McFadden UP Challenge, who died in 1868. He was the priest who accompanied some of those evicted in Terry. each to Dublin on the first leg of their dinner arranged for them in a Dublin hotel. Linens father Pat had two brothers who also became parish priests in the Arapaho diocese Dean Hugh McFadden, UP Dongle and Vicar General, who died in 1908, and Archdeacon James, UP Challenge, who was known as James of Glenda.Eileen Moore be Loretta Convent in Lettermen. She would have been fifteen when her father Pat died in 1905. As was fairly common in those days, she spent some time living with a relative, n her case De an Hugh McFadden. It seems that he left her some money when he died and she used this to fund her nurses training in Belfast. FRR John Silks, the well- known historiographer and diocesan archivist, recalls his mother Susan (nee McKinley from Boomer in Courthouse) telling of three girls from the parish who went to Belfast and all married well. nonpareil of them was Eileen McFadden. In 1915, when she was 25, she married a doctor more than twenty years her senior, James B. Moore, a Bellman man who worked in the Mater Hospital. In the next 12 years she had nine children, with Brian coming in number four on 25th August, 1921. The family lived in no 11 Clifton Street in North Belfast until they were bombed out of the house by the Germans in the Second World War. The house was eventually demolished in 1995, in spite of a campaign to save it because of its associations with Brian Moore.Briars father also came from a strong Catholic background, if it was a bit more unusual than most. James Bis father, James B. Senior, was a Presbyterian law clerk in Bellman who decided to become a Catholic even before he got married to one, Eleanor OHare. Their house was stoned every year on the Twelfth. It seems James B. Enron brought up his family with the zeal of a convert. all told in all, it seems hardly surprising that Brian Moore spent a good part of his writing career exploring the whole idea of Catholicism, religion and the question of the afterlife.Holidays in Courthouse increment up in the ass and ass, Brian spent quite a bit of time on holiday around Dentally and Courthouse. His sister Nun Maguire, who lives in Alular, says he had very fond memories of it. He stayed in Dentally with his mothers brother Jim Pat and his wife Martha. Patricia Craig writes The farmhouse was called Dentally and stood above a glen it contained a stone-floored kitchen with huge iron cooking-pot it was pervaded by the pungent liveliness of turf-smoke, and not far away was the fifteenth- centu ry Doe Castle, an enticing ruin in those days . Brian himself wrote l seemed to be in an sometime(a) Ireland, a shopping centre where life was elemental and harsh, yet close to a reality which was timeless and true. I would see a pig slaughtered, its blood running in rivulets in the yard outside the kitchen door. I would see a stallion mount a mare, its hooves scraping at the barrel of her rib-cage I would be butted by allow-eyed goats, kicked by donkeys when I tried to climb on their backs. I would see people drink tea, not from teacups as in Belfast, but from large china lawn bowling I nth eighteenth-century manner.I would sit by the hob of the kitchen turf fire watching as floury potatoes were doled out to the men coming in from the handle for their noonday dinner . I would see long white clay pipes and plugs of tobacco laid out near Jugs Jim McFadden, a grandson of Linens brother Jim Pat, is one of the older McFadden, and has a well-known shop in Strange. He doesnt really remember Brian at Dentally, but does recall the McFadden getting ready for the Mores visits a few times. One thing I do remember Dry Moore smoked cigars.It was a very unusual thing for me to see anybody smoking cigars in those days. Jim thought that the Mores didnt really feel at home in Dentally. It wasnt really what they were used to, although the house was a lot better than most of us had at the time. It may have been the profits from the McFadden cornmeal which helped the family build Dentally well over a hundred years ago. It was regarded as one of the finest houses in the rear, certainly a cut above the ordinary with its sitting room, bedrooms and an outside toilet.Michael McFadden, who lives in the modern Dentally now with his wife Caroline and their children Bobbie (12), Doran (6) and Michael (5), says wedding receptions used to be held in the sitting room. A distich recently returned to mark their golden wedding anniversary by getting their photograph taken in front of the marble fireplace. However, as Brian Moore recalled it in an article in 1980, Courthouse was still a big change from city life Dongle is an extremely wild and rocky-looking place in the west of Ireland. I used to go there when I was a boy, to a farm owned by a poor Irish subsistence farmer.I would move from our middle-class world to an absolutely idyl environment. Loved the country Jim recalls him going to a farm belonging to an uncle-in-laws brother around Darwinian to help out during the summer. l dont think he liked it very well I think he said they cut the bread too thick But Brian Moors sister Nun Maguire says he had very fond memories of Dentally. He loved the country. Going there on his holidays as a child gave him a great sense of freedom. We grew up in a four storey house in Belfast, but we had no garden. The freedom in Dongle appealed very much to him.He could wander about in a way that we wouldnt be allowed to in the city. Brian Moore left Belfast a young man an d traveled around theatres of the Second World War as a noncombatant working with the British Ministry of War Transport. He lived for eleven years in Canada and became a Canadian citizen. He moved to the United States in 1959, and it was his base for forty years. His writing career began with a series of detective potboilers under various names, which he reckoned sold about 800,000 copies. Judith Hearse was his first serious novel in 1955. An early examine in the summer of that year came in a letter from his mother.She said about some of the more explicit bits muff certainly left zippo to the imagination, and my advice to you in your next book leave out parts like this. You have a good imagination and could write books anyone could read. She added, l am glad to find you were kind to the Church and clergy. The book was later banned in the Republic. In 1995 Brian and his wife Jean built a house in Nova Scotia, on the coast. He said at the time Its beautiful. It looks out on a bay that looks Just like Dongle. Its very wild He was quite a regular visitor to Ireland over the years, but recognition came fairly late here.This was the man who went into a Dublin bookshop at one point and asked if theyd anything by an Irish novelist Brian Moore. He was told no, but they did have one or two books by a Canadian novelist of the homogeneous name. It seems that Brian Moore didnt re-visit Dongle very often, although he and Jean stayed with Brian hot up and his wife at Mobile on at least one occasion. His brother Seams, a doctor in Belfast who also died in recent years, did keep up contact with the Courthouse connection. Michael McFadden says that Briars late sister Pebbling, who lived in Manchester, also visited in recent years.Final farewell Briars final visit to Dentally came with Jean and his sister Nun, she thinks about twelve or so years ago. They visited Challenge Castle, and then went crossways to Courthouse and over to Dentally. Brian thought the house was spruced up a lot from how he remembered it. He knocked on the door, but there was no one in. Brian went across the road and spent a while looking over the bridge at the big gorge with its trees and fast-flowing water, as hed done in his childhood. He had ere, very happy times there, Nun said.Both Brian and Jean loved the west coast, and on one of their tours came across a tiny graveyard in Connector. Brian was surprised to find in this beautiful spot the grave of Bubble Hobnobs, a Belfast Quaker, one-time vice-president of Sin Feint, and a good friend of his father and his uncle Neon ONeill. Later when Brian and Jean talked of where their ashes would end up, they both wrote their choice separately on a piece of paper. The pieces said the same thing the Connector graveyard. It seems that Brian Moors remains will finally return to the west of Ireland, which he came to know as a boy.

How Has Physical Theatre Changed Over Time Essay

Physical star sign is a year of performance where hunting expedition and personality of the body has the main part within a performance. on that point are several quite distinct traditions of performance which all describe themselves victimization the term animal(prenominal) playing field, which has led to a lot of confusion as to what the definition of physical theatre actually is. The term physical theatre has been applied to performances consisting mainly of mime, contemporary dance, theatrical clowning and other physical comedy ( such as slapstick), puppetry and pretend consummation and theatrical acrobatics and lifts. One of the archaean practitioners of physical theatre was Artaud. His ideas included total theatre, wherein actors appeal to all of the audiences senses he rejected the idea of the proscenium arch and directed his actors to accustom the space in different ways. It was also his view that in performance, all expression was physical expression. Whereas Stev en Berkoffs style incorporates actors using their whole bodies, including facial expressions to describe the audience the story, and actors using their bodies to create sound effects.He is also a great believer in Le Coqs seven differentiates of tension, in this wreak the actor will move through seven different body states, starting off as exhausted and lazy and finishing in an the highest state of tension. The style of physical theatre can differ widely, but generally in a performance of physical theatre the audience would expect to analyze elements of contemporary dance (fluid, graceful groundss), detailed mime, as there are often limited props in physical theatre performances, complex lifts sometimes with several people, acrobatics and gymnastics and many fast-paced moments where actors will be stretching the limits of their bodies. One of the first instances of physicality creation use within theatres was by the Greeks, as they used a lot of mime and pantomime acts within their performances. The performance of pantomime originates from Ancient Greece, the first recorded pantomime actor being Telests in the play Seven Against Thebes by Aeschylus. Mime is used to give actors a way of portraying feelings, emotions, and entire stories through movement and expression, which helps in telling the overall story.It gives a focus on expression and movement, and it takes away speech, which makes performers use their bodies and their faces to show to the audience what is happening, therefore making it physical theatre as the body is used rather than the voice. Around the16th century, Italian theatre developed, what they called, Commedia dellarte, which is a form of theatre characterized by masked types which began in Italy in the 16th century. The Commedia dellart characters first began to appear in English plays around 1660. This style of theatre has three important aspects to it mask, music and costumes. The audience was fitting to pick up from separately ch aracters dress the type of person he was representing. For example, loosefitting garments alternated with very tight, and jarring color contrasts contrary monochrome outfits. Males would identify themselves with character-specific costumes and half masks and all the fixed character types, the figures of fun or satire, wore colored leather masks. Today in Italy handcrafted theatre masks are unbosom created in the ancient tradition of carnacialesca (carnival).Commedia dellarte is classed as physical theatre as masks forced actors to project their characters emotions through the body. Leaps, tumbles, stock gags, obscene gestures and slapstick antics were coordinated into their acts. Pantomime (informally panto), is a type of musical comedy stage production, designed for family entertainment. The origins of pantomime go back to ancient Rome, and was developed in England to generally be performed during the Christmas and New Year season. Modern pantomime includes songs, slapstick come dy and dancing, employs gender-crossing actors, and combines topical humour with a story loosely based on a well-known fairy tale. It is a participatory form of theatre, in which the audience is expected to sing along with trustworthy parts of the music and shout out phrases to the performers. The maturation of English pantomime was strongly influenced by commedia dellarte. This was a comedy of professional artists travelling from province to province in Italy and then France, who improvised and told comedian stories that held lessons for the crowd, changing the main character depending on where they were performing.Pantomime mainly incorperated song, dance, buffoonery, slapstick, cross-dressing, in-jokes, topical references, audience participation, and mild sexual innuendo. The general movement within Pantomime creates physical theatre as the storyline is presented to the audience mainly through lifts, dance and slapstick, although performers also use their voice throughout. The Theatre of the Absurd is the name for particular plays of absurdist lying written by a number of primarily European playwrights in the late 1950s, as well as onefor the style of theatre which has evolved from their work. Their work expressed what happens when human existence has no meaning or purpose and therefore all communication breaks down, alerting their audiences to pursue the opposite. The Absurd in these plays takes the form of mans reaction to a world apparently without meaning, and/or man as a puppet controlled or menaced by invisible extraneous forces.Theatre of the Absurd consisted of horrific or tragic images characters caught in hopeless situations forced to do repetitive or meaningless actions dialogue full of clichs, wordplay, and wish-wash plots that are cyclical or absurdly expansive. The term Theatre of the Absurd was coined by the critic Martin Esslin, who made it the title of a book on the defeat first published in 1961. The Absurd or New Theater movement w as originally a Paris-based form of theatre, tied to extremely small theatres. There are many conventions of absurd theatre, such as words often appearring to work lost their de nonative function, thus creating misunderstanding among the characters. Instead, language gains a certain rhythmical, almost musical quality no plot, minimal staging, babbling abstract setting, It is sometimes said to express the human condition in a raw material or existential way (Worthen 1639). Pirandello, one of the first experimentalists, wanted to bring down the fourth argue that was created by Realism, thus creating more physicality and a deeper connection with the audience.Modern physical theatre has grown from a variety of origins. Mime and theatrical clowning schools, such as LEcole Internationale de Theatre Jacques Lecoq in Paris, have had a big influence on many modern expressions of physical theatre. Practitioners such as Steven Berkoff and John Wright received their initial training at theat re schools just like this. Contemporary Dance has also had a strong influence on what is regarded as physical theatre, partly because most physical theatre requires the performers to have a level of physical control and flexibility. This is rarely found in those who do not have some sort of movement background. Modern physical theatre also has strong roots in more ancient traditions such as Commedia dellarte and some people point this links to the ancient greek theatre. Eastern Theatre traditions have influenced a number of practitioners who have then influenced physical theatre. A number of Oriental traditions have a high level of physical training, and are visual masterpieces. Antonin Artaud was fascinated with the energy andvisual nature of Balinese theatre and wrote extensively on it.He look up to Eastern theatre because of the highly ritualized and precise physicality of Balinese dance performance, and advocated what he called a Theatre of Cruelty, which he used to create phy sical theatre within performances and to describe a form of theatre that he hoped would unleash unconscious responses in audiences and performers that were normally inaccessible. Another physical theatre practioner, Steven Berkoff, used techniques such as background movement, repetitive actions, and mime to explore further the ways in which he approaches exchanges amidst two characters. Berkoff said that it was important to see how I could bring mime together with the spoken word as its opposite partner, creating the form and structure of the piece. Berkoff also used a theory he called Total Theatre, which is key to him and stemmed from Artauds theatre style. Total Theatre maintains that every aspect of theatre must have purpose every movement, that is choreographed to each line, that is learned perfectly to each lighting effect, that is used to convey a mood or message to each sound effect, that enhances the audiences know to each prop that has a use.The aim of Total Theatre is t o create extreme moods to give the audience an overwhelming give and to shock, amuse, scare, or amaze them. As a result of Total Theatre, performances are often minimalist, with bare stages and little language so that the focus remains on the physical movement and not on all the effects or the creation of a scene. This serves to detach the audience from the play and make them think about what was being said. However, from 1911 to 1916 Stanislavski, proposed that actors study and experience subjective emotions and feelings and perform these experiences to audiences by physical and vocal means. While in the early stages his system focused on creating truthful emotions and embodying them, even though he later worked on the Method of Physical Actions. Its focus was on physical actions as a means to access truthful emotion, and involved improvisation. The focus remained on reaching the subconscious through the conscious. In other words, he wanted the performer to focus internally to por tray a characters emotions onstage.Later, between 1934 and 1938, this technique evolved to a method of physical actions in which emotions are produced through the use of actions. From Greek theatre to modern day, physical theatre has been used by many different practitioners and theatregroups for one sole purpose to impact the audience. On one hand, the mime and Commedia dellarte that the Greeks first developed is still used widely today mime is still an extremely popular form expression within plays, and commedia dellarte is still extremely popular in creating seriocomical performances using masks, and over-exaggerated costumes. Similarly, pantomime is still one of the most popular forms of theatrical entertainment used across the world, achieving physical theatricality by including slapstick, lifts and dances, occasional mask work and costumes. This is effective as it provides the audience with the storyline in a less conventional and, arguably, more interesting way.It intrigues the audience, and makes them feel more emotionally committed with the characters involved in the performance, especially when the performers break the fourth wall, which frequently happens during pantomimes. However it can also be argued that many things have changed as time passed in regards to physical theatre. As technology advanced, the use of lighting and special fx have made creating a dramatic and intense atmosphere easier. Breaking the fourth wall is also a new idea, as the Greeks and Romans believed that the audience should not be included in the performance, and should purely be onlookers, whereas Artaud and Stanislavski believed that by bringing the audience into the performance, it would not only make it more intense and engaging, it would also achieve the attacking the senses criteria that Artaud believed in, by using in yer face theatre to scream and shout in the audiences face. Physical theatre as it is used today, is still very popular with both performers and audien ces, as it is both entertaining to watch and perform.

Genetic Engineering in Humans Essay

? heritable Engineering in Humans How the anguishs of the past shape our thoughts for the future It is human nature to be fascinated by the unkn avouch, to debate radical ideas and to use humanitys undying curiosity to fuel investigation into atomic number 18as which previously were a mystery. communicable technology in earth is angiotensin-converting enzyme such example of a field whose idea emerged countless agentrations ago and intrigued the likes of many scientists, philosophers and writers, throughout write up. even not until the technological revolution of the twentieth century, did the seek and honorable debate on this subject begin to take a more pr crookical perspective, as the tools necessary to study the intricacies of living structures were developed. The concept of heritable applied science has sparked an ongoing debate regarding the bio estimable concerns of this field, which focus strongly on the ethics involved in tampering with the work of Mother Nature and its possible consequences. How eer this has not been a topic for scientists alone.Throughout history, the minds of legendal literature train provided countless examples of a heritable eithery engineered world in several cases presenting a dystopian rendition of society, a clear symbol of what they believe to be the consequence of human intervention with the natural discourse of nature. The good issues surrounding human cistronticalal engineering, such as brokertic discrimination, a loss of human autonomy and the more profound concepts which threaten to redefine what it means to be a human, have universal value, paralleling the concerns of today.This suggests the paramount signifi nookyce of exploring ethical issues and the consequences of human genetic engineering, as history implies that such concepts result continue to resonate through time. This essay get outing examine how the literary school texts of the past have helped shape our ethical perspective on genetic engineering today. In essence genetic engineering is the manipulation of an organisms hereditary material 1.The goal in creating such genetically neutered universes is not only to eradicate disease, plainly to stool a population which carries only the almost desirable physical and behavioural traits and has the ability to pass on such traits to future generations 3. However the treatment of diseases does not create public anxiety, rather it is the concept of eugenics and gene determinism. Eugenics is essentially any attempt to accelerate human evolution by improving the genetic makeup of humans 1.Eugenics however cannot succeed unless society accepts some degree of the genetic determinism ideology which perceives that all individuals ar inevitable consequences of the biochemical properties of their cells and so their characteristics are uniquely contumacious by the constituents of their genes 1. Ethically this theory seeks to disregard the true essence of human self defini tion and fair play, eliminating the significance of such immaterial characteristics as self sensory faculty, ordain power and human spirit.Additionally, an ethical problem surrounding eugenics is that it is human directed evolution, where individuals set the course of evolution depending on chosen desirable and undesirable traits. As philosopher Jurgen Habermas states it seems reasonable to allow this in the case of a purely preventive intervention in ready to avert diseases (negative eugenics). It hold outs questionable, however, when it is a case of competent out a child with certain desirable characteristic (positive eugenics) 1.This statement alludes to several ethical dilemmas which can arise from a society easy on the application of positive eugenics. From a justness ethics standpoint, the application of positive eugenics suggests that the accessibility of genetic manipulation volition be limited to those parents who can afford it, thus creating discrimination betwee n sectors of society. If a technology is available to eliminate disease and achieve a better quality of life, should it not be available to all individuals in so to create an egalitarian society which is indiscriminate?Furthermore, how does the implications of such a technology impact upon the individuals sense of privacy and personal identity? A world of positive eugenics would suggest an adoption of the gene determinist theory which proposes that all traits and behaviour are ingrained within our genes and thus are not influenced by any other external factors. In such a world, genetic analysis would be open, rendering a complete sectionalisation of the moral boundaries which hide our genetic makeup from the outside world.People could be tested, visitled and manipulated when access of their hereditary material is in the hands of others, violating their right to privacy. George Wald offers one scene of the ethical debate stating that, genetic engineering faces our society with pr oblems unprecedented It places in human hands the capacity to redesign living organisms It presents probably the largest ethical problem that lore has ever had to face 7. However scientist James D. Watson claims that until a tiger devours you, you dontknow that the jungle is dangerous 7. In essence, there is a conflict of lodge in between the possibility of eradicating life threatening diseases and the ethical consequences which whitethorn arise from using the technology to alter the evolutionary process for mankinds own benefit. As a society we must see this as a cost-benefit analysis, where we weigh the proposed advantages of genetic engineering against the possible and in many cases unforseen, consequences. Profoundly the main(prenominal) issue is of self-definition.From an ethical perspective, the true essence of human nature is quarreld by the proposed applications of genetic engineering. With these ethical issues in mind, we can see that certain measures must be taken to c ontain the ethical consequences of genetic engineering to a manageable level and not let the technology overcome our sense of self, compassion and humanity. This get out only be successful however, if the key issues are examined prior to genetic engineering becoming mainstream, as when such technology is unleashed to the public it cannot be uninvented. consequently those in the field of science and engineering must ensure that their research and experimentation adheres to all regulations outlined in the Code of morality. Engineering practitioners must act on the basis of a head informed conscience 8 as well as respect the dignity of all persons 8 when carrying out research and experimentation. When set about with unique bioethical concerns emergent from previously uncharted areas of technology, society turns to the scientists and engineers to offer their technocratic decision regarding the unfermented concept. This is the case presently faced by genetic engineering.The engine er in this situation becomes a model of a guardian, social servant and social enabler to humanity, who not only predicts the direction this field will take in the future, besides analyses the potential consequences of genetic engineering and helps society to understand its own submits and develop moral autonomy. In this way the engineer is governed by strict ethical codes to be honest and trustworthy 8 as well as practise engineering to foster the health, safety and wellbeing of the community and the environment 8 as well as other stakeholders involved.It can be useful to explore such notions in literature, where the scientist or engineer has experimented without considering the potential consequences of their actions, resulting in an imbalance of the natural order of life. Such is the case in Mary Shellys Fmembershipenstein, where the experimenter did not act on the basis of adequate knowledge 8 as the Code of Ethics outlines, besides instead allowed human curiosity to rule, tam pering with inanimate organisms to produce new a life form.The strong ethical dilemma posed by this refreshful is that when such organisms are created what are their rights and how do we determine their humanity? The situation developed in Frankenstein is one of blind sightedness, where the unforeseen consequences of the social experimentation are so detrimental to society that they eventually become the undoing of the experimenter. The text explores the ethical ideas that society should uphold certain virtues when dealing with Mother Nature and that the organisms we alter have certain rights just like other member of society.Most monumentally however, it highlights how important the duty of the engineer is to society to warn and to educate on the possible consequences of new technology and application. The Frankenstein story warns us that the time to address the ethical implications of genetic engineering is before we actually apply it 1. Furthermore, science fiction literature p rovides an interesting insight into how the world has perceived genetic engineering and its consequences in a social and cultural sense.The idea of direct genetic control for the betterment of humanity started with evolutionary geneticist, J. B. S. Haldanes book Daedalus, in 1924 1. The ethical consequences of genetic engineering are explored extensively in texts such as Andrew Niccols movie Gattaca (1997) and Aldous Huxleys Brave cutting earthly concern (1932). Haldanes vision is sharply satirized in these texts, reflective of the skyline society had taken after the bring back of the eugenics movement in the 1930s.These texts are significant in our understanding of what might happen to society through gene determinism and the absolute acceptance and application of genetic engineering, as scientists at the Gene Therapy Policy Conference in 1997 concluded that the possibilities of germ line gene therapy arent entirely in the realm of science fiction 1. Furthermore, the ethical is sues discussed in these texts are repetitive, although being from various time periods. This suggests the significance and universality of the ethical risks associated with genetic engineering.The movie Gattaca released in 1997 is a bioethical text which explores the societal implications of genetic-determinism and genetic engineering and gives light to the consequences which may occur from new eugenics. Gattaca raises the issue that many problems associated with the new eugenics, such as genetic discrimination, genetic prophecy, and the homogenisation of society 1 is not due to the technology itself, but instead these problems arise only if society accepts the belief that individuals are no more than the sum of their genes. In essence it challenges the notion of genetic determinism.Similarly Huxley within his dystopian novel, Brave advanced World, explores the ramifications of a society that has rejected Mother Nature in all forms and instead is governed by controllers, who dicta te how, when and on whom genetic manipulation should be applied, with the overall goal to achieve absolute stability of a toaliatrian state. In this world, individualisation becomes non-existent and a sense of human integrity is eliminated, resulting in complete totalitarian control, in essence a pessimistic accounting of the shape a scientifically planned community would take, of its sterility and human emptiness 4.One of the most crucial ethical concerns is the dilemma of genetic discrimination against those who are genetically unenhanced. Genetic engineering in humans implies that we can create an elite race of human beings which are superior to the common man or control genetic engineering in such a way as to create groups of altered beings each with predetermined roles in society. Arguably this gives rise to significant ethical concerns, especially in areas of reproduction where parents can alter the genetic makeup of an embryo before birth.While this is seen as an advantage i n the scope of eliminating genes cryptograph for certain diseases, it suggests a violation of humanitarian rights and discrimination between those who can afford the technology and those who cannot so that a large fraction of human beings will be the victims of the omissions and commissions of science because they lack the material wealth and the social power to control their own lives 1, as stated by evolutionary geneticist Richard Lewontin. Arguably this will differentiate people in the matter of career advancement and social relationships 3.This is a prominent concept in Gattaca, as the protagonist despite being a suitable candidate for a job position is discriminated due to his unenhanced form, stating that in a world of genetic determinism the best test score in the world wasnt going to matter unless I had the blood test to go with it 1. As well as this, genetic enhancement challenges the concept of virtue ethics. If we have the power to combine all desirable traits together to enhance and elevate ourselves aboveother individuals, is it morally permissible to do so and will this principal to greater vanity and commercialism in mankind? Additionally how does this affect our relationship with others who either oppose the technology or cannot afford the extravagance of such enhancement? Furthermore, genetic engineering in humans alludes to the development of new class structure within society which will widen the perturbation between the enhanced and unenhanced even further, questioning the right of all individuals to an equal quality of life.Discrimination of individuals has always been a universal predominant concern and significant measures are taken to protect the rights and welfare of citizens in society. Modern society in particular supports and appreciates the significance of egalitarianism. This has not been an easy venture for mankind as history shows us that previous class structures were difficult to dissolve and even today are not extinct.Wi th genetic engineering and genetic discrimination however, the argumentation emerges that although we have made it illegal to discriminate people on the basis of race, religion and sex, by genetically engineering them we give rise to a new form of discrimination, one not so easily detectable, as Vincent in Gattaca states its illegal to discriminate on the basis of geneticsgenoism its calledbut no one takes the laws seriously 1.These concerns are mirrored in Aldous Huxleys Brave New World, where he demonstrates the stringent societal class order where Individuals are predetermined to be alpha, beta, gamma, delta or epsilons and are thus classified in the societal ladder as such. Each class has different genetic traits so to ensure they can carry out their predetermined role in society and are conditioned to enjoy their fate. Huxley presents such a blatant view of genetic discrimination to highlight the complete loss of individuals rights, free thinking and the ineffectiveness of tho se in power to carry out their duties to the public.The major ethical dilemma extends from the concept of utilitarianism, in which certain individuals have taken it upon themselves to control what all aspects of life for the greater good of society. This abolishes all concepts of virtue ethics as in a state of totalitarianism, individuals are discriminated against before they are born and have a chance to prove their worth, as Huxley demonstrates with the lower classes of society, who through gene manipulation are genetically stunted to ensure they will forever remain at the bottom rung of society.The prominence of genetic discrimination as one of the key ethical concerns in these texts highlights the fact that our societal problems are so universal that regardless of how or in which way society changes, the ethical implications of classism will inherently be the same although inflicted in a new form. Therefore a mechanism to sustain egalitarianism in society and forbear the rights and freedom of individuals must be developed before we allow genetic engineering to become a stronghold in society, as although we may be advancing forward technologically, ethically we will be taking a step backwards.Additionally, genetic engineering in humans raises the profound ethical concern of losing ones individuality in a genetically altered world and by extension losing moral autonomy. Genetically altered individuals would see themselves as a product of the deliberate intervention of others, giving rise to the misconception of self integrity. This ethical issue causes raises concerns of homogenous societies, which would violate the engineers Code of Ethics to support and encourage diversity 8.This notion is explored extensively in Brave New World, which abolishes the importance of individualism and demonstrates the ways in which those who have access to gene altering technology can utilise it unethically for their own benefit. As a result we must question not only our self integrity but also who should be responsible for determining what traits can be modified. Here the ethical concern stems from the argument that those with the knowledge to implement the technology may reject the previous moral doctrines and create their own, based on their perception of moral relativism 5.Huxley supports the view that individuals of a utilitarian predisposition will govern the world believing it is done for the greater good of humanity. Additionally, from the perspective of rights ethics, individuals in this world are refused any opportunity to plan their own property, change their role, rank or employment in society. Or even live permanently with another person of their choice 4, thus rendering the rights of the individual non-existent.Additionally the authorities enforces strict utilitarian ideology, as it believes that stability can be achieved if people think and look the same 4 and in doing so, these control agents fail to uphold their duties to their citizen s, demonstrating a complete lack of respect for human value and dignity. This ethical concern of losing ones autonomy and individualism is of paramount importance as different civilisations throughout history have struggled to obtain freedom and a sense of identity.The portrayal of these notions in the mentioned texts, demonstrate that there is no compromise for humanitys free will and sense of individuality, as this is seen as a basic humanitarian right. As a result, our support or rejection of human genetic engineering will focus on our examination on how this field will impose on our rights as human beings and free thinking individuals. Perhaps the most profound ethical concern regarding genetic engineering is the questioning of what it means to be human and if genetic engineering results in dehumanisation, destroying the concept of humanity as we know it?In a genetically altered world, do we define genetically engineered beings as human if they have no flaws? Such ethical questi ons challenge our perception of what makes us human and force us to examine whether there is a necessity in genetically altering ourselves if the advantages do not preponderate the possible consequences, as it can be argued that not every scientific advance automatically makes our lives more meaningful 6.Both Huxley and Niccol examine this profound ethical concern in their texts, providing the conclusion that although we may alter our genetic makeup, we cannot alter the primal, immaterial characteristics of human beings such as our emotional vulnerability. Thus emotional variability, self awareness, will power and human spirit are all subject to human autonomy and while these remain we do not lose our integrity. In essence it is a rejection of the gene determinism ideology as we do not define our individuality on the basis of genetic makeup, since there is no gene for the human spirit 1.In Gattaca, the essence of humanity is portrayed through the unenhanced Vincent, who overcomes h is genetic heritage through shear motivation and will power, demonstrating that these qualities cannot be engineered, emerging instead from an individuals motivation when confronted with the challenge of a specific context or environment. In this sense it is Vincents flaws which fuel his determination and lead to his ultimate success, not his genes.This is contrasted against the genetically enhanced characters, who suffer form the burden of perfection, as Gattaca poses the ethical dilemma that the expectations put upon the genetically enhanced to live up to their genetics are almost as debilitating as the discrimination against the unenhanced 1. However the individual who has been engineered with no flaws, has nothing to overcome and no apparent need to improve, thus lacking the traits of will power and motivation that Vincent possessed. This is similar to the genetically engineered characters of Bernard and Helmholtz in Brave New World.They are dissatisfied with the limitations the ir stable society imposes, despite undergoing full conditioning 6. These examples suggest that individual desires cannot be suppressed with social intervention and although genetic engineering may eliminate imperfections and flaws, it comes at price, which is that of emotional awareness and human spirit. Additionally, the most philosophical ethical concerns arise from a theoretical examination of how genetic engineering may influence the evolutionary process in the future. Genetic manipulation can be seen as a mechanism to aid humanity in adapting to new environmental conditions.Therefore in equipment casualty of evolutionary progress, we must question where genetic engineering places us. Are we speeding up the process of evolution or are we simply providing a new form of natural selection, one which is better suited to our technologically advanced context? So that over time, humanity as we know it will become non-existent having made way for the superior genetically enhanced being s. In the future if genetic engineering became widespread in society, will survival be drug-addicted upon the extent and type of our genetic enhancement and if so, who governs these moral absolutes?Although not practical, these are interesting ethical dilemmas to consider. Essentially, we are approaching a point in history where we have the technology and the expertise to alter our genetic makeup in ways which seemed unthinkable even a decade ago 7. Genetic engineering provides many advantages to human life such as eradicating disease and eliminating undesirable traits, however it also raises serious bioethical concerns such as those examined in Gattaca and Brave New World.We cannot restrict the advancement of science rather we need to develop moral boundaries so that we can recognize the value of science without devaluing those who it is intended to serve 2. Flaws in human genetic engineering cannot be undone and thus a serious examination of the possible ethical implications and consequences need to be determined by the scientist and engineers, so that this technology does not have a detrimental impact on future generation.List of References 1 Kirby, D 2000, The New Eugenics in Cinema Genetic Determinism and Gene Therapy in GATTACA, Science fiction Studies, accessed 3rd October 2013, 2 Gleghorn, M 2001, Putting the Brakes on Human Genetic Engineering Are We Speeding toward a Brave New World? Probe Ministries, accessed 1st October 2013 3 D, P 2012, Loss of Privacy and Sense of Self, Desperado Philosophy, accessed 19th October 20134 Gehlhaus, Jr R 1998, Brave New World The Cost of Stability, Soma Web, accessed 29th September 2013 5 Brave New World (1932), Literature & Film Search, assessed 12th October 2013, Bottom of F 6 Shakespeare, T 2000, Brave New World II, The Guardian, accessed 2nd October 2013 7 Epstein, R1999, Ethical Dangers of Genetic Engineering, Institute for World Religions & San Francisco State University, accessed 2nd October 2013 8 Our Code o f Ethics, 2010, Engineers Australia, accessed 10th October 2013